"GROWING TIPS" from DENALI SEED COMPANY

ADVANTAGES OF GROWING FROM SEED

     Why start your garden plants from seed?  What are the advantages?  There are several reasons why a gardener will benefit from growing their own plants and transplants from seed which include:
     1.  Many of the common garden plants just grow better when started directly in the garden from seed.
     2.  Since nearly all plants can be propagated from seed, it is the quickest, easiest and most efficient means of producing many plants.
     3.  Seed offers the gardener a wider selection of varieties that often many not be available as starts at a garden center.
     4.  Seed offers the gardener the ability to experiment with many new varieties not yet available locally.
     5.  Since seed is small and doesn't require special handling, it can be easily imported from like climates in any part of the world so gardeners can try totally different varieties.
     6.  Seed is less expensive than buying starter plants.  A packet of seed will usually cost less than a six pack of plant starts and will yield at least five or six times as many plants.
     7.  Growing plants from seed provides the gardener with a real sense of accomplishment.
     There can be some pitfalls if a gardener is not experienced at growing plants form seed.  A few tips in advance can alleviate many of the common problems in growing from seed.  The most common problems a new gardener may encounter are, little or no germination of the seed, the young seedlings falling over dead for no apparent reason or the seedlings growing six inches tall with only a couple of leaves on top.  Their are easy solutions to all of the above problems.
     Poor or no germination, it is a common belief by many gardeners is that the seed is not viable.  This is usually not the case unless the seed has been stored in a kitchen drawer for several years.  Seed companies test their seed after harvest to insure their customers good seed germination and to comply with federal seed regulations.  Failures usually come from poor cultural practices used when planting the seed and can be prevented.  Poor germination usually results from one or more of the following problems: soil borne disease, rot resulting from soils that are too wet and cold, the drying of the soil which kills the germinating embryo, or the seed was planted to deep and the stored energy in the seed runs out before the seedling reaches the soil surface.  For good germination seed needs to be grown in an environment in which the seed will germinate quickly.  The longer the seed is in the soil before it sprouts the more prone it is to rot and disease.   Plant shallow, seed should not be covered with more soil than a depth equal to three times the seed's diameter.  In the case of tiny seed this means the seed is on the surface or barely covered.  After planting seed, water well to provide good seed-soil contact which will help prevent the sprouting seed from drying out.  The easiest way to control disease is by planting in a disease free soil which can be accomplished by purchasing a commercially produced, sterilized, seed starting soil mix.  These pre-packaged soils are usually a mixture of sphagnum moss and perlite or vermiculite that have been treated to kill soil borne disease.  These materials are naturally well drained but you must use a growing container with drainage holes to allow any excess moisture to escape.  In most home conditions the temperature of the container of soil will be cooler than ideal.  To speed germination the seeded container can be placed on a warm surface to provide bottom heat.  Most varieties of seed that are not planted directly in the garden will germinate best when the soil temperature is between 65 and 70 degrees F.  Fine seeded flower varieties such as lobelia, petunias, snapdragons, and impatients are easily planted to deep.  These and other fine seeded varieties should be sown directly on the soil surface then watered well to insure good seed-soil contact. Most seed will germinate on top of the soil as it is not sensitive to light but there are varieties that require either light or dark to germinate, check our "growing tips" for each variety to be planted for their special requirements.  When varieties are planted on the soil surface that require darkness cover the container with black plastic to provide darkness.   Drying out of the soil is very critical when the seed is sown directly on the soil surface and the soil surface must be kept moist at all times to prevent the seed from drying out, which will kill it, until the seedlings emerge.  Most varieties grown from seed do not require light to germinate and many growers cover the newly seeded container with newspaper to reduce evaporation and cut down the need for watering.  For varieties that do require light cover the container with clear plastic during the germination period.  Remove all covers from the soil containers immediately when the first signs of green seedlings are visible.
     Once the seeds have sprouted new challenges are encountered which include the young seedlings falling over dead for no apparent reason.  When the plants first emerge from the soil there tiny, tender stems are venerable to fungus attack.  Fungus diseases, soil and air borne are a threat and the use of sterilized soil helps eliminate the presence of fungus and air movement helps control any disease present.  Good air flow over the soil and around the seedlings from a small fan keeps the tiny stems dry to help prevent and control the fungus diseases like the common seedling disease damp-off.  Chemical drenches are also available to control disease.  If you wish to use chemicals to control disease consult with your local garden center.
     When the seedlings emerge from the soil they then require light and are sensitive to temperature.  Nearly all plants do best under high light intensity, full sunlight, and respond negatively to high night temperatures. Plants that are grown in low light and high temperatures will be tall and leggy with few leaves.  The key to growing  healthy short, stout plants with lots of leaves is full sun, moderate daytime temperatures and night time temperatures between 50 and 55 degrees F, a combination that is almost impossible to maintain in most home settings.  An alternative to full sun and cool nights is high intensity artificial light 24 hours a day.  Plants do not need to rest at night as proven by the huge vegetables grown under the almost continuous light during Alaska's long summer days.
     A common mistake made by many gardeners is planting seed for transplants too early.  A vigorous, healthy 1 1/2 to 2 inch transplant at planting time will come into bloom or produce fruit quicker than a weak leggy 4 to 6 inch transplant grown under poor conditions.  Thirty days is usually adequate number of days from planting to transplant, to produce small healthy seedlings for such common  garden vegetables as cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussels sprouts, bunching onions and head lettuce.  Tomatoes and peppers for greenhouse production are usually planted mid to late March and transplanted to a heated greenhouse in April.  There are a few slow growers which include celery and lobelia that must be started early, usually in March.  Squash, pumpkins and nasturtiums are started indoors in Alaska but do not transplant well because their roots are tender and easily injured.  Varieties with sensitive roots should be planted in individual plastic pots, the smooth slippery surface allows the soil to slide out easily, so the root mass can be easily removed with little or no damage when transplanted to the garden.
     Planting the common, easy to grow garden vegetables directly from seed in the garden is almost always better and more practical than buying them as transplants.  Planting seed for beets, carrots, collards, kale, lettuce, radishes, spinach, rutabaga, swiss chard, turnips, peas and beans directly in the garden is the best way to grow them.  There is one precaution, however, do not plant the seed to deep.  Soils in the far north is very cold at planting time and germination will be greatly slowed when the seed is planted to deep.  Shallow planting  utilizes the heat from the suns rays to speed germination but remember shallow plantings will allow the seed to dry out quicker and the soil must be keep moist at all times until the young sprouts emerge from the soil.  During this critical period, if the embryo of the seed becomes dry after it has swollen with moisture, the seed will die.  When planting fine seeded vegetables like carrots, planting to deep is always critical.  To help control planting depth use the edge of a board to press a shallow furrow in the soil  after the soil has been cultivated so  it is fine and loose then sprinkle seeds in the small indent covering the seed with a small amount of fine soil then press the soil over the seed to compact the surface then gently water well to assure good seed-soil contact.  This is to help prevent the seed from drying out during the germination peroid.  Carrots are especially difficult to germinate if the soil dries out.  After watering the row it may covered with clear plastic or a board to help prevent evaporation, to conserve moisture until seedlings emerge.  Remove any row covering as soon as the seedlings start breaking through the ground.
     To promote faster and better germination, large seeds and seeds with a hard coat will benefit from soaking prior to planting to decrease the time needed for the sprouts to break ground and increase the number of plants that come up.  Soaking peas, beans and sweet peas is a common practice.  Soak seed in warm water for a period of 8 to 24 hours, NO LONGER, then plant shallow, not more than 1/4 inch deep, IMMEDIATELY.  Allowing the seed to stand in water for longer periods will starve the embryo for oxygen which kills the embryo.
     This short course in growing from seed plus our "growing tips" for each variety planted will help assure success in an arctic garden.  The staff at Denali Seed works hard to help make gardening experiences in Alaska, pleasant ones. Our extensive variety testing on cold soils and under Alaska's midnight sun along with our information on "how to" grow plants under Alaska's far north growing conditions will help even the most novice gardener grow a great garden.  Much of the information in our "growing tips" is not available on seed packets and in publications as they are not written specifically for arctic and sub-arctic environments.

ORIENTAL VEGETABLES
Chinese Cabbage
Growing Tips: Unlike regular cabbage which is usually started in containers indoors then transplanted to the garden chinese cabbage does best when the seed is planted directly in the garden. Chinese cabbage transplants poorly when bare root, but when started indoors 3 to 4 weeks ahead in individual plastic pots and transplanted carefully so the soil ball is intact and the roots are not disturbed they can be transplanted successfully.  It is best not to grow  members of the cabbage family in the same part of the garden more than one time in three years to avoid a build up of soil pests and disease. When planting cover seed with 1/8 inch fine soil, space the seed 4 to 6 inches apart then thinning after the third set of leaves appear to 12 inches apart. CABBAGE MUST BE PROTECTED AGAINST ROOT MAGGOTS. Chinese cabbage  requires a moist fertile soil and must be watered regularly during dry weather.  It is a heavy feeder so the soil should be fertilized before planting and again once or twice during the growing season. Good fertility and plenty of moisture  will reduce the chances of premature bolting.

Chinese Parsley
Growing Tips: In a sunny location plant the seed 1/4" deep after the danger of frost is past. May start seed indoors earlier,  plant 2 or 3 seeds in individual plastic pots to reduce root injury when transplanting, chinese parsley does not transplant well.

Garlic Chives
Growing Tips: Plant seed directly in the garden covering seed with 1/8 inch of soil as soon as the ground can be prepared in the spring. Likes full sun.

Diakon Radish
Growing Tips: Seeds should be planted 1/4 inch deep, spaced 1 to 2 inches apart. Radishes are the easiest vegetable to grow and diakon radishes do well in any deep garden soil. The soil must be worked deeply with all clumps broken up to avoid misshapen roots, since the roots grow so deeply. Thin the young seedlings so they are 4 to 5 inches apart. The quality is best when radishes are well watered, fertilized and grown in cool weather. RADISHES MUST BE PROTECTED FROM ROOT MAGGOTS.

Chinese Snow Pea
Growing tips: Soak pea seed in warm water 8 to 24 hours, NO LONGER then plant immediately in the garden, 1/2 inch deep, spaced 2 inches apart, as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. A clear plastic row cover will speed germination but must be removed as soon as the seedlings emerge. For an extra early crop in Alaska start indoors the first of May in individual plastic pots and transplant to the garden by the end of May. For a good crop, peas must be fertilized when planted and side dressed with fertilizer once mid season. Peas are often planted in 2 parallel rows 6 inches apart to help support each other.

Pak Choi
Growing tips: Like mustard, Pak Choi is very easy to grow and matures very rapidly. This variety thrives in cool weather and performs well under Alaska's long summer days. Pak Choi grows best when seeded directly in the garden as it tends to transplant poorly. Since the seedlings will be up in a week or less direct seeding is not a disadvantage even in Alaska's short summer. Sow seed 1/4 inch deep and thin so the plants are 12 to 16 inches apart. If you decide to start seed indoors, plant 2 to 3 seeds per pot and carefully transplant the contents to the garden as soon as the second leaves appear. When established in the garden clip out all but the strongest seedling. Its rapid growth brings maturity in approximately 6 weeks, and it will hold maturity for at least l2 weeks before bolting. Successive plantings 2 to 3 weeks apart are recommended to produce fresh Pak Choi all season.

Scallion
Growing Tips: Scallions, also referred to as bunching onions may be seeded directly in the garden 1/4 inch deep and spaced 1/2 to 1 inch apart. For an early crop, start the seed  4 to 6 weeks before the last frost in containers as transplants.  Onions will grow well in a sunny window sill and transplant easily. Onions will grow in a wide variety of soils but prefer a fertile soil high in organic matter. Onions are very shallow rooted, and therefore need an abundant supply of water for good growth and a mild flavor. Care must be taken when cultivating onions not to damage their roots. MUST BE PROTECTED FROM ONION ROOT MAGGOT.

Turnip
Growing Tips: Turnip seed is planted in the garden 1/4 inch deep and thinned to 4-5 inches apart. It is a cool season crop that can be planted as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring before the danger of frost is past. Turnips grow well in any good garden soil that is deeply tilled. Plenty of moisture and nutrients produce roots that are better flavored TURNIPS MUST BE PROTECTED FROM ROOT MAGGOTS.

 VEGETABLES
Snap Bean
Growing Tips: Bean seed should be planted covering with 1/4 inch soil, spaced 6 to 8 inches apart.  Soak seed in warm water for 8 to 24 hours, NO LONGER and plant immediately.  Beans prefer a light, well drained, sandy soil and for vigorous growth and good production adequate moisture and fertilizer. Beans are very tender and must be protected when temperatures fall to near freezing. In warm soils bean seed germinates in 3 to 4 days but in cold soils or during cool weather emergence may be delayed for 10 or more days. Beans are a popular but marginal crop in the cooler areas of Alaska. In cool areas the season is long enough but the cool soil retards growth and the pods do not mature. Yields are good during warm summers and when the beans are grown through a clear plastic mulch. CAUTION: when beans are planted under clear plastic the seedlings must be released from under the plastic as soon as the seed leaves break the soil. Beans prefer a sunny southern garden site.

Beets
Growing Tips: Beet seed should be planted 1/4 inch deep spaced 1 to 3 inches apart. Soil requirements except for pH are not critical, but beets prefer a fairly deep, friable, well drained loam soil. Beets are sensitive to acid soil conditions and grow best in soils with a pH between 6 and 6.8. Till the soil thoroughly to a depth of 8 inches before planting. Beets must be properly thinned, adequately fertilized, and watered regularly to prevent the roots from becoming tough and woody. A beet seed is really a cluster of seeds and must be thinned as soon as the first true leaves appear. Pull or cut all but the healthiest plant from each cluster. As they continue to grow, thin so the leaves of each plant do not touch. The thinnings make tasty greens.

Broccoli
Growing Tips: Broccoli can be seeded directly in the garden covering seed with 1/8 inch soil, spaced 8 to 10 inches apart. Most gardeners start broccoli in flats indoors 4 to 6 weeks before the last frost, then transplant 16 to 18 inches apart, in the garden. Thin direct seeded plantings soon after the first true leaves appear. Soil requirements are not critical, but plenty of moisture and fertilizer are needed for topicality heads. Broccoli is hardy and grows best in cool weather. BROCCOLI MUST BE PROTECTED AGAINST ROOT MAGGOTS. For best quality, harvest the heads while they are tight, before the buds start to show yellow.

Brussels Sprouts
Growing Tips: Brussels sprout seed should be planted 1/8 inch deep in flats  indoors and later transplanted 16 to 18 inches apart in the garden. In areas  with a long season Brussels sprouts can be seeded directly in the garden, but the crop will be very late. Soil requirements are not exacting but like the rest of the cabbage family ample moisture and fertilizer are needed to promote rapid  high quality growth. The plants are very hardy and will withstand severe frosts persisting until late in the fall. A frost improves the flavor of Brussels sprouts. BRUSSELS SPROUTS MUST BE PROTECTED AGAINST ROOT MAGGOTS

Cabbage
Growing Tips: When cabbage seed is planted directly in the garden it should be seeded 1/8 inch deep, spaced 8 to 10 inches apart then thinned to 16 to 18 inches apart. Cabbage is usually started indoors then transplanted to the garden. Cabbage grows well on sand, muck, or heavy soil but early crops are obtained on sandy soils. Cabbage is resistant to frost and grows well in cool soils, making it an excellent crop for an Alaskan garden. For high quality heads, adequate water and fertilizer must be supplied. CABBAGE MUST BE PROTECTED AGAINST ROOT MAGGOTS.

Carrots
Growing Tips: Carrot seed should be planted 1/8 inch deep, spaced 1/2 to 1 inch apart. Because carrot seed is planted very shallowly, care must be taken to prevent the soil from drying out during germination. One method to assure a moist seedbed is to cover the moistened row with clear plastic until the seed has germinated. The clear plastic will also raise the soil temperature, thus speeding germination, but must be removed as soon as the seedlings appear. Since carrots germinate very slowly it is a good idea to plant an occasional radish to mark the row. Carrots are hardy and can be planted before the danger of frost is past but will sprout very slowly unless measures are taken to warm the soil. Carrots grow best in a sandy loam soil. Till the soil to a depth of  8 inches before planting. Deformed carrots usually mean the soil was too compact or they were not adequately thinned. Thinning is very important because carrot seed is so small it is usually planted too thickly. By the time the plants are 2 inches tall, pull the excess, leaving one plant every 2 inches. Weeds, especially chickweed must be controlled or the slow germinating carrots will be completely smothered.

Cauliflower
Growing Tips: Cauliflower seed should be planted 1/8 inch deep in flats indoors, then transplanted to the garden. In warmer areas of Alaska direct seeding in the garden will produce a late crop. Cauliflower is not as hardy as cabbage or broccoli. Cauliflower must be well watered and fertilized, which promotes rapid growth. CAULIFLOWER MUST HAVE PROTECTION AGAINST ROOT MAGGOTS AND CUTWORMS. If white heads are desired, the central foliage must be tied up when the small heads begin to form to shade them from the sun.

Celery
Growing Tips: Celery seed is fine and should be sown not more than 1/8 inch deep in flats early in March. Do not allow the seed flats to dry out during the germination period. Celery grows slowly but the growth rate increases as the plants gain size. Celery is a heavy feeding, shallow rooted plant that requires careful soil preparation and liberal amounts of water and fertilizer. The fertilizer should be provided in several light applications. Celery is one of the most difficult vegetables to grow and should not be attempted unless the gardener is prepared to water it. In Alaska celery should be grown on a high, well drained silt or sandy loam soil that is not subject to early frosts. Celery is tender and must not be planted outdoors until the danger of frost is past.

Collards
Growing Tips: Collards resemble a tall growing cabbage but produces larger leaves and does not head. Collards have the same cultural requirements as cabbage. For an extra early crop the plants may be seeded indoors, but are usually planted directly in the garden. Thin so the plants are 6 to 8 inches apart. Use the thinnings for greens. Cook the whole plant when it is young, and on older plants strip off the tender rosette or loose cluster of leaves at the top of the plant.

Sweet Corn
Growing Tips: Sweet corn does not perform satisfactorily in the cooler regions of Alaska. In the interior with its warmer temperatures corn can be grown through a clear plastic mulch. Corn seed should be covered with 1/4 inch soil, spaced 12 inches apart, 10 days before the frost free date. Cover the row with a 3 or 4 foot wide strip of clear plastic, the length of the row, carefully securing all 4 edges. Leave the corn covered with the plastic even after it emerges from the soil, as it will be protected from a light frost. When all chances of frost are past, slit the plastic and carefully lift the leaves through. Corn can be 4 to 6 inches tall and remain under the plastic, because it will not sunburn. Corn can be successfully grown in a greenhouse, but it takes a lot of room.

Cucumbers
Growing Tips: In most regions of Alaska cucumbers can be grown only in a greenhouse.  In the interior, cucumbers can be grown outdoors through a clear plastic mulch. The plants must be started indoors in plastic pots 4 to 5 weeks before the last frost, planting 2 to 3 seeds per pot, covering seed with 1/4 inch fine soil then transplanting to the garden with extreme care not to damage the roots, after all danger of frost is past. Any root injury that occurs during transplanting heals very slowly and many times the plants do not survive. Do not start cucumbers in peat pots and transfer both pot and plant to the garden, as peat pots will not disintegrate in Alaska's cold soils, resulting in restricted root growth. Cucumbers do well in a greenhouse if there is adequate ventilation and temperature control.  Cucumbers will not survive in hot greenhouses without good ventilation.  Standard varieties, Morden Early,  must be hand pollinated when grown in a greenhouse. The newly introduced burp less Beit Alpha varieties, Denali Seed's Jordan F-1, will produce fruit without pollination.

Kale
Growing Tips: Plant kale seed directly in the garden, 1/8 inch deep, spaced 6 to 8 inches apart. This green is easy to grow and does well on any good garden site. Thin plants so they are 10 to 12 inches apart. Adequate water and fertilizer will promote fast, mild, tender growth. Leaves should be picked when young for top quality.

Kohlrabi
Growing Tips: Plant kohlrabi seed directly in the garden covering seed with 1/8 inch soil, spaced 2 to 4 inches apart. Kohlrabi grows well in any good garden soil. The edible portion, a bulb like swelling of the stem, is of the highest quality when the plants receive adequate water and fertilizer. Thin the plants so they are 6 to 8 inches apart. Kohlrabi withstands frost and grows rapidly, making it an excellent vegetable for the Alaskan garden. The bulb, being above ground, is less susceptible to penetration by root maggots than other members of the cabbage family. Harvest when small to medium sized, as the bulbs may become woody when they get large.

Leeks
Growing Tips: In Alaska, leeks must be started indoors 6 to 8 weeks ahead for the stalks to fully mature in the garden. Cover seed with 1/8 inch fine soil, germination occurs in 10 to 20 days. Cultivate a well drained soil, enrich with organic matter and plant food and transplant in a sunny location as soon as the ground can be prepared in the spring. Transplants easily. Mound soil around the stalks when they are 6 inches high. They are heavy feeders, water regularly and feed monthly. Stalks may pulled and enjoyed before they are fully mature.

Lettuce
Growing Tips: Lettuce seed, both leaf and head, can be sown directly in the garden 1/8 inch deep, spaced 4 to 6 inches apart. Do not allow the seed bed to dry out during the germination period. Lettuce is very hardy and can be planted before the danger of frost is past. Rapid growth is essential for high quality and is assured by adequate supplies of water and fertilizer. Thin both leaf and head lettuce to one plant every 12 inches. For head lettuce we recommend that seedlings be started inside and transplanted to the garden for an earlier crop.

Mustard
Growing Tips: Mustard seed is planted directly in the garden, 1/8 inch deep, spaced 2 to 4 inches apart. Mustard yields excellent early greens and grows well in any garden soil. We recommend that mustard plants be pulled before they go to seed. Mustard plants set seed rapidly, which will, the following year, produce seedlings that are hard to kill. When the plants are going to seed, they do not yield good quality greens.

Bunching Onion
Growing Tips: Green bunching onions can be seeded directly in the garden covering the seed with 1/8 inch soil, spaced 1/2 to 1 inch apart. Do not allow the seeds to dry out during the germination period. May be started indoors 4 to 5 weeks ahead for early crop. Transplants easily. Onions do well in a wide range of soils, but prefer a soil high in organic matter that is rich in nitrogen. Onions are very shallow rooted and need an abundant supply of water for good growth and a mild flavor. Great care must be taken when cultivating around onion plants not to cut off the roots. ONIONS MUST BE PROTECTED AGAINST ROOT MAGGOTS.   Dry onions (bulb onions) are not grown from seed in Alaska, purchase sets at a local garden center.

Parsnip
Growing Tips: Parsnips are sown in the garden covering the seed with 1/8 inch soil, spaced 1/2 to 1 inch apart as early as the soil can be prepared. A full season is required to mature this fall vegetable. Parsnips prefer a rich, deep soil high in organic matter tilled to a depth of 8 inches. The seedlings are delicate and cannot stand competition from weeds. Thin the seedlings so they are 2 to 3 inches apart. The flavor is improved by cold and even freezing weather. The roots may be left in the garden all winter but should not be allowed to thaw before using. Store parsnips indoors like beets or carrots.

Peas
Growing Tips: Peas are planted directly in the garden covering the seed with 1/4 inch soil, spaced 2 inches apart, as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring, peas do best when soil and air temperatures are cool.  Soak seed in warm water for 8 to 24 hours, NO LONGER and plant immediately.   Clear plastic over the row will warm the soil and speed germination but must be removed as soon as the young seedlings emerge. For an extra early crop the seedlings may be started indoors and transplanted to the garden when soil is ready. Research has shown that  inoculation of pea seed with nitrogen fixing bacteria does not make an appreciable difference in production  in cold climates. Peas thrive in the cool moist weather found in Alaska.  For a good crop, peas must be fertilized when planted and side dressed with fertilizer once mid season. One and a half ounces of seed will plant an 6 to 8 foot row and will yield about 2 pounds of shucked peas. Peas are often planted in 2 parallel rows placed 6 inches apart. Only the taller varieties have to be trellised.

Peppers
Growing Tips: Green peppers are one of the most challenging crops a gardener can grow in Alaska. Peppers are a warm weather crop, and until the newer varieties were developed, considered only a greenhouse crop in Alaska. Except for choice warm locations in the interior, even the new generation peppers need protection from cool winds and cold night when grown outdoors. In the cooler coastal regions of Alaska it is recommended that peppers be grown only in a greenhouse. Sow pepper seed 1/4 inch deep in well drained starting mix. Peppers are one of the few vegetables that germinate in a low moisture soil. Seed flats should be kept only slightly moist until the seedlings have emerged. Soil temperature is very important, as the seed will not germinate when the soil temperature is below 55 degrees Fahrenheit. At the optimum soil temperature of 75 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit, pepper will germinate in 7 to 14 days, but at lower temperatures it will take up to 30 days. The seed may be germinated in the dark, but seedlings must be moved to full sunlight as soon as they emerge. Pepper seedlings do not respond well to artificial light and in most windowsills the light is too low.  When transplanting pepper seedlings always hold them by the leaves, not the stem. It takes 7-10 weeks to grow a seedling 4-6 inches tall. To produce seedlings with flower buds the seedlings must be grown in full sun, watered to keep the soil uniformly moist, and a daytime temperature must be maintained between 65-80 degrees Fahrenheit with a night temperature between 60 and 65 degrees. Peppers are very susceptible to tobacco mosaic virus. Therefore, smokers must refrain from smoking while working with the plants and wash their hands thoroughly before handling seed or seedlings. To assure greenhouse pepper production, lightly tap the plant's stem to shake the blossoms a couple of times a week, which will cause the pollen to fall from the stamens to the pistil, pollinating the blossom. Peppers grow best in a sandy or sandy loam soil high in fertility and organic matter. Peppers are very susceptible to attack by aphids, particularly in a greenhouse, and aphids must be controlled before the infestation becomes severe.

Pumpkin
Growing Tips: Pumpkins are a marginal crop that will mature in the interior when grown through a clear plastic mulch. Start seed indoors in individual plastic pots, covering 2 to 3 seed with 1/8 to 1/4 inch of soil and after the last frost transplant to the garden. The transplanting must be done with extreme care to avoid any injury to the roots. If injured, the roots of pumpkins heal very slowly and many times the plants do not survive. The seedlings when grown in plastic pots can be removed with the least amount of root injury. Do not leave pumpkin plants in peat pots which restricts root growth when transplanted to the garden because peat pots will not disintegrate in Alaska's cold soils.   Pumpkins are very tender and must not be planted outdoors until all danger of frost is past.

Radish
Growing Tips: Radish seed should be planted 1/8 to 1/4 inch deep, spaced 1/2 to 1 inch apart. Radishes are very easy to grow and do well in any garden soil. Plant a short row every few days to give continuous production all summer long. Thin so plants are 1 inch apart. The quality is best when radishes are well watered and harvested when they are small. RADISHES MUST BE PROTECTED AGAINST ROOT MAGGOTS.

Rutabaga
Growing Tips: Rutabaga seed is planted directly in the garden 1/4 inch deep, spaced 2 to 3 inches apart. It is a cool season crop that can be planted before the danger of frost is past. Rutabaga grows well in any good garden soil that is tilled to a depth of 8 inches. Like turnips, rutabaga must be protected from  root maggots.  Late crop.

Spinach
Growing Tips: Spinach seed is sown in the garden 1/4 inch deep, spaced 3 to 4 inches apart. Spinach is cold hardy and should be planted as soon as the garden soil can be prepared. It is a short day plant and bolts, producing a seed stalk very quickly, during long summer days. The varieties listed bolted in Alaskan trials, but unlike many other varieties did produce a good crop that held several days when mature before going to seed.  Plant only as much as can be harvested in a 4 to 6 day period. Spinach prefers a sandy or loamy soil and is very sensitive to high and low pH. The pH must be between 6 and 7. Thin spinach so the plants are 6 to 8 inches apart. A late planting can be made in mid July for an late August harvest. As an alternative cooked green, try Swiss Chard, Alaska's best growing green.

Squash
Growing Tips: Summer squash, particularly the zucchini types, will mature in nearly all areas of Alaska, but should be grown through a clear plastic mulch to assure a good crop in the cooler areas. All types of squash can be started  indoors by planting 1 or 2 seeds in individual plastic containers, then transplanting to the garden when all chances of frost are past. Carefully  remove the plant and soil from the pot without disturbing the soil around the  roots.  Transplant seedlings into a hole filled with water, gently pushing the soggy soil around the roots. Because squash roots grow near the surface, carefully weed and avoid cultivation near the base of the plant as the plant grows, to avoid disturbing the root system.The roots of squash heal very slowly and many times the plants do not survive. Squash prefer a light, warm, well drained soil with moderate fertility. Squash, both summer and winter varieties, should be transplanted one plant every three feet through a clear plastic mulch to assure a good production. Winter squash, Gold Nugget, require the longest season and should be started indoors 3 to 4 weeks before the last frost in plastic pots and will mature only in preferred warm locations in Alaska.  Yellow summer squash, Early Prolific Straightneck, is more susceptible to blossom end rot than the zucchini types. A preventive measure is removing all dead blossoms as soon as possible. Fruits that are not pollinated will also appear as if they have blossom end rot and also must be removed.  During those cool, cloudy days when insect activity is reduced, hand pollinate by collecting pollen from the male flowers on a small camel's-hair brush, then place it on the pistil of the female blossom, the ones that have a small fruit behind the flower.  Harvest summer squash while they are still immature, which can be determined by testing the skin with a thumbnail. The skin of immature fruits is easily pierced.

Swiss Chard
Growing Tips: Swiss Chard is Alaska's easiest to grow green, the seed should be planted 1/4 inch deep, spaced 4 to 6 inches apart. It is sensitive to acid soils and grows best in any good garden soil with a pH between 6 and 6.8. Swiss Chard is a large foliage beet grown for its juicy leaf stalks and broad, crisp leaves. It is a cool weather crop and is tolerant of light frost. Swiss Chard resists bolting, or going to seed, which is also retarded by proper thinning. Thin the plants so they are 6 to 8 inches apart.

Tomato
Greenhouse Growing Tips: In  Alaska standard tomatoes are a greenhouse crop. When standard tomatoes are grown in the garden the vines grow, bloom, and set fruit but do not produce vine ripe tomatoes. Start standard tomatoes in the house 4 to 6 weeks before the greenhouse is ready. Tomato seed is broadcast in flats and covered with 1/8 inch fine soil. Do not allow the seed flats to dry out during the germination period. As soon as the first true leaves appear on the seedlings, they are ready to be transplanted to individual pots. When the plants are 8 or more inches tall they are again transplanted, this time to  3 to 5 gallon containers in the greenhouse. Very carefully remove the plant and soil from the pot to avoid injury to the roots. Tomatoes grow best in a fertile, well drained garden loam. They should be fertilized with a high phosphorus complete fertilizer. Too much nitrogen encourages vigorous vine growth but does not set or mature fruits. Tomatoes are shallow rooted and require uniform moisture. Wide variation in moisture levels can damage the fruit. Low pH and variations in the moisture level are associated with blossom end rot.
Garden Growing Tips: Denali Seed specializes in outdoor tomato varieties for the far north.  In Alaska's warm interior, our cold tolerant outdoor varieties regularly mature fruit when grown in the garden through a clear plastic mulch. It is recommended that outdoor tomatoes be container grown in the cooler coastal areas and at higher altitudes, where the days are cooler, as the warmer soil temperature in a container will mature ripe fruits earlier and the plant can be moved indoors when the danger of frost exists. Tomatoes are very tender plants and will not withstand even the lightest frost.  Tomato plants must be started indoors and then transplanted outside. Plants are started  indoors 8 to 10 weeks before the danger of frost is past. Tomato seed is broadcast in flats and covered with 1/8 inch of fine soil. Do not allow the seed flats to dry out during the germination period. As soon as the first true leaves appear on the seedlings, they are ready to be transplanted to individual pots. By the time the danger of frost is past, the plants will be 8 or more inches tall and are again transplanted, this time to the garden. Very carefully remove the plant and soil from the pot to avoid injury to the roots. Tomatoes grow best in a fertile, well drained garden loam. They should be fertilized with a high phosphorus complete fertilizer. Too much nitrogen encourages vigorous vine growth but does not set or mature fruits. Tomatoes are shallow rooted and require uniform moisture. Wide variation in moisture levels can damage the fruit. Low pH and variations in the moisture level are associated with blossom end rot. Mature tomato vines may be covered with plastic to hasten the ripening of the fruits. Fruit that is nearly mature can be brought into the house for final ripening.

Turnip
Growing Tips: Turnip seed is planted directly in the garden, 1/8 to 1/4 inch deep, spaced 2 to 3 inches apart. It is a cool season crop that can be planted before the danger of frost is past. Turnips grow well in any good garden soil that is tilled to a depth of 8 inches. TURNIPS MUST BE PROTECTED AGAINST ROOT MAGGOTS. A late planting made in July yields better quality turnips for winter storage. Thin turnips so they are 4 to 6 inches apart while they are young. Young turnip thinnings yield excellent greens.

HERBS
Arugula
Growing Tips: Germinates very slowly. Should be soaked in warm water 6-8 hours to aid in germination. Choose a site with light shade and a well drained soil, cultivate and enrich soil with plant food then as soon as the danger of frost is past plant seed covering with 1/8 inch fine soil keeping moist until seedlings emerge. Keep soil moist but not soggy.

Basil
Growing Tips: Choose a site with full sun to partial shade and any ordinary well drained soil, cultivate and enrich soil with plant food then as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring plant seed covering with 1/8 inch fine soil keeping moist until seedlings emerge. Keep soil moist and feed monthly.

Catnip
Growing Tips: Plant seed 1/8 inch deep directly in the garden after the last frost in full sun or partial shade.

Chives
Growing Tips: Plant directly in the garden 1/8 inch deep as soon as the ground can be worked. Likes full sun. Their culture is the same as for onions.

Dill
Growing Tips: Plant seed 1/8 to 1/4 inch deep after the danger of frost has passed in full sun.

Lavender
Growing Tips: Plant seed 1/8 inch deep in a sunny location after the last frost. We recommend that you start plants indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost.

Mixed Herb Garden
Growing Tips: Sow seed 1/8 inch deep in a sunny location after last frost. We recommend that you start plants indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost.

Oregano
Growing Tips: Choose a site with full sun and a well drained soil, cultivate and enrich with plant food then as soon as the danger of frost has passed plant the fine seed covering with 1/16 inch fine soil, watering thoroughly to give good seed-soil contact. We recommend that it be started indoors 4 to 6 weeks ahead.   Grows well in containers both indoors and out. Flavor is best when leaves are picked before the plants bloom. Pinch tops to encourage branching.

Parsley
Growing Tips: Start from seed but germination is slow and erratic. Germination is hastened by soaking seed in warm water for 10 to 12 hours before planting, do not leave seed in water more than 24 hours, plant immediately . Plant seed either in the garden or in flats, covering seed with 1/8 inch fine soil, when outdoors choose a sunny location after the danger of frost is past. It is critical not to allow the soil to become dry during the germination period. We recommend that the seed be started indoors 8 to 10 weeks before the last frost. When planting outdoors it is good to mark the row with radish seed. Grows well in containers indoors and out.

Summer Savory
Growing Tips: Choose a site with full sun and a rich well drained soil, cultivate and enrich with plant food then as soon as the danger of frost is past plant seed covering with 1/8 to 1/4 inch fine soil and keep moist until the seedlings emerge. Allow soil to become moderately dry between each time they are watered and feed monthly.

Sweet Marjoram
Growing Tips: Choose a site with full sun and a well drained soil, cultivate and enrich with plant food then as soon as the danger of frost is past plant seed covering with 1/8 inch fine soil keeping moist until the seedlings emerge. Grows well both indoors and out.
 

FLOWERS
Growing Tips: In Alaska nearly all varieties of flower seed, both annual and perennial, should be started indoors early and transplanted to the garden when the danger of frost is past. The garden soils in Alaska are cold in the spring and germination is slow, resulting in very late blooming. When the young plants are planted in the garden in early June they receive the full advantage of spring's long days, which results in early summer splendor. Flower seed is generally much smaller than vegetable seed and must be treated differently. Planting: The very small seed should be broadcast on the surface of containers filled with sterilized soil, a disease free medium, then watered well so the seed makes good contact with the soil. Care must be taken to avoid drying out of the soil's surface, which will kill the emerging seedlings. To keep the soil surface moist, evaporation needs to be reduced. To do this, cover the newly seeded flat with a sheet of newspaper or clear plastic when light is needed for germination and black plastic when darkness is required. Check frequently to make sure the soil surface does not dry out and remove the covering as soon as the seedlings are up. In general the soil temperature of the seeded flat should remain around 70 degrees Fahrenheit, the average home temperature, while the seed is germinating. For larger seed, cover with soil to a depth of approximately twice the seed's diameter, water, and follow the above procedure. For most fast-growing flower varieties, except as noted in the individual growing tips, it is best to start seed 6-8 weeks before the planting date in the garden. The smaller, more robust seedlings transplant to the garden with less shock and will out-perform the larger, older seedlings in coming into bloom.
 Perennial Flowers: The challenge of growing perennials from seed sparks the enthusiasm of most avid gardeners and growing plants that are out of the ordinary is even more rewarding.  There are two rules that makes growing slow germinating seed easier, using a sterile soil medium to control seedling diseases and  controlling the environment, less unexpected things happen in a tray indoors than out in the garden.
     In many cases perennials are more reliable in extreme cold than woody plants because they avoid winters worst weather by going dormant, shed all their above ground growth and hide beneath the soils surface until spring.  They do not lose moisture from exposure to winter winds and die of desiccation like woody plants.  The crown of a perennial, the stem part where the vegetative top attaches to the root system which is immediately below the soil's surface does need protection though.
     In much of Alaska perennial plants must be able to survive when winter temperatures range from -20 to -50 degrees Fahrenheit. At those temperatures the crowns of perennial plants need snow or some other means of winter protection.  Since snow cover is not guaranteed the gardener may use mulch to help insure a good winter survival.  The mulch protects by preventing reoccurring freezing and thawing of the soil which will cause the ground to heave, pushing the crowns out of the ground and breaking off roots.  The mulch also insulates against the extreme cold and protects against desiccation at the soil surface.  An ideal mulch will retain soil moisture and keep the soil around the crown uniformly frozen through out the winter.  A mulch should be applied after the first freeze in the fall when the plants have gone dormant for winter.   To prepare a perennial bed for winter cut the vegetative tops back after they have been frosted and are dead so the stubs are 2 inches above the soil, then apply 4 to 6 inches of an organic mulch material over the crowns after the first freeze.  Hay and straw are excellent but not always available and can be fairly expensive.  Dried leaves and grass or other loose organic materials such as wood chips may be used but will need to be secured to prevent the wind from blowing them away during the winter.  Wire mesh, a plastic net or some other device may be used to secure the mulch.  As spring approaches, the mulch should be removed as soon as the snow has melted and the mulch has thawed enough to rake off.  The late winter and early spring sun will warm the soil slowly, thawing the soil around the crowns gradually will prevent the rupturing of plant tissue during the thaw, leaving a healthy crown, which will send up a new top to start another season.
     Year around mulches are often used because they are convenient, do not have to be removed in the spring, reduce the amount of weed control needed and conserve moisture.  The down side is that they can delay the crowns from going dormant early enough, to be ready for the hard freezes of winter and may harbor unwanted rodents that use the crowns for winter food.  When using a permanent mulch consider poison bait or trapping to help control rodents living in the area.

PERENNIAL FLOWERS
Achillea ptarmica
Growing Tips: Because the seed is very fine it is best to start indoors in flats; do not cover seed as it requires light to germinate; germination occurs in 10 to 12 days when the soil temperature is 65 to 70 degrees F. When planted directly outdoors select a site that has full sun in any well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate then broadcast seed over newly prepared soil. Do not cover seeds as they need light to germinate. The seed is very fine, water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Grows in poor soil. Requires only a moderate amount of moisture and enrich with plant food once a year. Do not over fertilize as it will reduce bloom. Do not water plants late in the day. Because of their loose habit it is best if they are staked for support.

Alpine Aster
Growing Tips: Best to start seed indoors in flats, cover seed with 1/8" fine soil, germinates in 15 to 25 days when the soil temperature is 70 to 75 degrees F. Special Instructions: Pre chill the seed at 35 degrees Fahrenheit in the refrigerator for two to three weeks before planting to improve the rate of germination. When planted directly outdoors select a site that has full sun to light shade with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/8" fine soil and firm the soil over seed. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Likes lots of moisture, but not soggy. Water only in the morning. They are not heavy feeders, apply plant food sparingly once a year. As the clumps increase in size they require frequent division or the plants will tend to die in the center.

Baby's Breath, Gypsophila paniculata
Growing Tips: When started indoors early will bloom the first year.  Cover seed with 1/8 inch fine soil, germinates in 10 to 12 days when the soil temperature is 70 to 75 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site with full sun to light shade and plant as soon as the ground can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich with organic matter, and plant food then cover seed with 1/8 to 1/4 fine soil firming it over the seed. Keep soil moist until seedlings emerge, after plants are established don't over fertilize or over water to prevent them from becoming leggy.

Black Eye Susan Vine, Thunbergia
Growing Tips: Germinates in 12 days with a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Cover seed lightly with 1/8 inch fine soil.  This vine grows well in a container.

Blue Flax, Linum perenne
Growing Tips: Does best when planted directly in the garden, does not transplant well. When planting indoors start in individual plastic pots; cover seed with 1/8" fine soil; germinates in 20 to 25 days when the temperature is 70 degrees F. When plants are 3 to 4" tall carefully transplant with out disturbing roots. When planting directly outdoors select a site with full sun to partial shade with well drained soil and plant as soon as the ground can be prepared in the spring. Cover with 1/8" fine soil, firming over seed and keep moist until seedlings emerge. Requires little care. Water only as necessary. For cut flowers pick just before flowers open and sear stem.

Carpathian Bellflower, Campanula carpatica
Growing Tips:   Best to start seed indoors in flats; cover seed with 1/16" fine soil; germinates in 14 to 21 days when soil temperature is 70 degree F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun to partial shade with rich, moist, well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/16 to 1/8" fine soil. Water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Do not bury seed to deep as light is beneficial for germination. Keep soil moist at all times until seedlings emerge. Starting seed in flats makes controlling environmental conditions easier. Plants like to be moist, provide adequate water during dry spells and enrich with plant food twice during the summer.  Needs winter protection and over winters only in the milder regions of Alaska  (SE, Kodiak) and mulch should be applied after the first hard frost.

Clustered Bellflower
Growing Tips: Best to start indoors in flats, cover seed with 1/16" fine starting medium, germinates in 14 to 21 days when the soil temperature is 70 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun to partial shade with rich, moist, well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/16 to 1/8" fine soil. Water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Do not bury seed to deep as light is beneficial for germination. Keep soil moist at all times until seedlings emerge. Starting seed in flats makes controlling environmental conditions easier. Plants like to be moist, provide adequate water during dry spells and enrich with plant food once during the summer. Plants spread quickly by runners and may have to be controlled or they could become invasive. Winter mulch will protect against adverse conditions and should be applied after the first freeze.

Columbine
Growing Tips: Start indoors in flats, sprinkle seed on the soil surface and water well for a good seed-soil contact.  Germinates in 3 to 4 weeks with a soil temperature of 70 to 85 degrees F. Do not cover the seed with soil, requires light to germinate, use clear plastic to cover container to reduce evaporation.

Delphinium
Growing Tips: The environment is easier to control when started in flats; cover seed with 1/16 to 1/8 inch fine soil, germinates in 18 to 20 days and germination is better when the soil temperature is a constant 70 degrees F. Germinating seed is sensitive to drying out so keep soil moist at all times until seedlings emerge. A cover, newspaper or plastic, over the seeded container will reduce evaporation.  Transplant individual seedlings in small pots and grow for 4 to 6 weeks. When planting in the garden select a site with full sun and a rich, well drained soil and transplant after the danger of frost is past. Water regularly by letting the hose run at the base of the plant. Fertilize in the spring and again mid-summer.

Fernleaf Yarrow
Growing Tips: May be started ahead indoors in flats, do not cover seed as it needs light to germinate, germinates in 10 to 15 days when the soil temperature is 65 to 70 degrees F. When planted directly outdoors select a site that has full sun with any well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate then broadcast seed over newly prepared  soil. Do not cover seeds as they need light to germinate. Water the very fine seed well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. May be started indoors 4 to 6 weeks ahead. Grows in poor soil. Requires only a moderate amount of moisture and enrich with plant food once a year. Do not over fertilize as it will reduce bloom. Do not water plants late in the day. Because of their loose habit it is best if they are staked for support.

Flowering Onion
Growing Tips: Grows well in pots and may be started ahead indoors, cover seed with 1/8 to 1/4" fine soil, germinates in 14 to 21 days with a soil temperature of 65 to 70 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site with full sun to filtered shade and plant as soon as the ground can be worked in the spring. Cover with 1/8 to 1/4" fine soil and firm over seed. Feed with plant food once during the summer. Divide clumps every 2 to 3 years.

German Catchfly, Lychnis viscaria
Growing Tips: Best to start indoors in flats by sprinkling seed on soil surface, do not cover seed with soil as light is needed for germination which occurs in 21 to 25 days when soil temperature is 70 degrees F. Special Instructions: Pre chill the seed at 35 degrees Fahrenheit in the refrigerator for one to two weeks before planting to boost germination. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then broadcast seed over the newly prepared surface. Do not cover seed with soil as it needs light to germinate. Water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Plants do not  tolerate "wet feet" in the winter. Keep garden moist and enrich with plant food once a year. Produces flowers the second year.

Hungarian Speedwell, Veronica
Growing Tips: Best to start indoors in flats, cover seed with 1/16" fine soil, germinates in 12 to 15 days when the soil temperature is 65 to 75 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun to light shade with any ordinary moist well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/16" fine soil. The seed is very fine, water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Will bloom the first year when started 8 to 10 weeks ahead. Keep soil evenly moist and enrich with plant food once a year. Winter mulch will protect against adverse conditions and should be applied after the first freeze.

Iceland Poppy
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 14 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Cover seed lightly with 1/16 inch of soil.

Jocobs Ladder, Polemonium
Growing Tips: Best to start seed indoors in flats, cover seed with 1/8" fine soil, will germinate in 20 to 25 days when the soil temperature is 70 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/8" fine soil and firm the soil over seed. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Transplant when seedlings are small, 2-3" high as plants become established quickly. Will bloom the second year. Keep soil evenly moist and enrich with plant food once a year. These plants prefer a cool spot.

Johnny Jump-Up, Viola
Growing Tips: Seeds germinate in approximately 2 to 3 weeks at a soil temperature of 65 degrees F. The seed needs darkness to germinate. Sow seed, cover lightly with 1/8 inch of soil, then cover growing container with black plastic until seedlings emerge.

Lychnis, Arkwrightii Vesuvius
Growing Tips: Best to start seed indoors in flats, do not cover seed with soil as it needs light to germinate, germination occurs in 21 to 25 days when the soil temperature is 70 degrees F. Special Instructions: Pre chill the seed at 35 degrees Fahrenheit in the refrigerator for one to two weeks before planting to boost germination. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then broadcast seed over newly prepared soil. Do not cover seeds as they need light to germinate. Water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Plants do not tolerate "wet feet" in the winter. Will bloom the first year when started indoor 10 to 12 weeks ahead. Keep garden moist and enrich with plant food once a year. Remove old flowers to encourage additional bloom.

Maiden Pink, Dianthus deltoides
Growing Tips: Best to start indoors in flats, cover seed with 1/8" fine soil, germinates in 10 to 14 days when soil temperature is 70 degrees F then grow out at 55 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun and good air drainage with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/8" fine soil,  firming soil over seed. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Water only early in the day . Good air circulation is needed to prevent attack from rusts and fungus. Enrich with plant food once a year.

Maltese Cross, Lychnis
Growing Tips: Germinates in 14 to 21 days at 70 degrees F. Pre chill seed in refrigerator at 35 degrees F for 14 days to improve germination. Sprinkle seed on the soil surface then water well to insure good seed-soil contact.  Light enhances germination; cover seeded container with clear plastic to reduce evaporation.

Mountain Bluet, Centaurea montana
Growing Tips: Because the seed germinates slowly it is best to start indoors in flats, cover seed with 1/4" fine soil, seed must have darkness to germinate which will occur in 21 to 30 days when the soil temperature is 70 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then cover seed with 1/4 inch fine soil and firm soil over seed.  Make sure the seeds are covered as they need darkness to germinate. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Water moderately, these plants will tolerate drought. Will bloom the second year. Enrich with plant food once a year.

Mountain Rockcress, Arabis alpina
Growing Tips: Plant in a sunny location with well drained sandy loam, will tolerate poor soil. Start seed in a container that has drainage holes filled with a sterilized starting soil. Sprinkle seed on soil surface, do not cover as the seed needs light to germinate, then water for good seed soil contact. Cover container with clear plastic to prevent excessive evaporation and keep moist until seedlings emerge. Germinates in 20 to 25 days at 70 degrees F. Remove plastic from the container as soon as seedlings appear. Transplant to pots when the second set of seedling leaves appear, then plant in garden when seedlings are two inches tall. Keep well watered and shear after they bloom.

Musk Mallow, Malva moschata
Growing Tips: Best to start indoors in flats, germinates in 14 to 21 days when the soil temperatures is 60 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun to light shade with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/4" fine soil and firm the soil over seed. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Keep well watered and enrich with plant food twice a year. The plant clumps may be left undisturbed almost indefinitely. Plants will bloom the second year. Mulch will protect against adverse winter conditions and should be applied after the first freeze.

Oriental Poppy
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 14 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Sprinkle seed on the soil surface then water well to insure good seed-soil contact.  Seed requires light to germinate, Do not cover the seed with soil.  Do not allow seed to dry out, cover container with clear plastic to reduce evaporation.

Peach-leaved Bellflower, Campanula
Growing Tips: Best to start indoors in flats, cover seed with 1/16" fine soil, germinates in 14 to 21 days when the soil temperature is 70 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun to partial shade with rich, moist, well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/16 to 1/8" fine soil. Water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Do not bury seed to deep as light is beneficial for germination. Keep soil moist at all times until seedlings emerge. Starting seed in flats makes controlling environmental conditions easier. Plants like to be moist, provide adequate water during dry spells and enrich with plant food twice during the summer. Plants may need staking if exposed to wind. Winter mulch will protect against adverse conditions and should be applied after first freeze.

Persian Cornflower, Centaurea
Growing Tips: Plant in full sun and prefers a moist well drained soil rich in organic matter. Because the seed germinates slowly it is best to start indoors in flats, cover seed with 1/4" fine soil, seed must have darkness to germinate which will occur in 21 to 30 days when the soil is 60 to 70 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then cover
seed with 1/4 inch fine soil firming soil over seed. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge.  Keep soil moist and enrich with plant food once a year. Will bloom the second year.

Shasta Daisy
Growing Tips: Very easy to grow.  Germinates in approximately 12 days at a soil temperature of 60-65 degrees F. Seed needs light to germinate. Do not cover seed with soil.  Cover planted container with clear plastic to reduce evaporation and remove as soon as the seedlings appear.

Snow-in-Summer, Cerastium
Growing Tips: Best to start seed indoors in flats, do not cover seed as it needs light to germinate, germinates in 14 to 21 days when the soil temperature is 65 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then broadcast seed over the newly prepared surface. Do not cover seeds as they need light to germinate. Water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Grows very well in hot dry spots and in poor soil. Water when soil is dried out and sparingly enrich with plant food once a year. Shear plants after bloom to encourage bushiness. It is aggressive and may run over other more passive perennials if planted to close.

Veronica spicata, Speedwell
Growing Tips: Best to start indoors in flats, cover seed with 1/16" fine soil, germinates in 12 to 15 days when the soil temperature is 65 to 75 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun to light shade with any ordinary moist well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/16" fine soil. The seed is very fine, water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Will bloom the first year when started 8 to 10 weeks ahead.  Keep soil evenly moist and enrich with plant food once a year, do not over feed. Water only in the morning to reduce the chances of fungus attack. Winter mulch will protect against adverse conditions and should be applied after the first freeze.

Wildflower Mix
Growing Tips: Plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Sprinkle the seed sparingly over 5 square foot per gram of seed in a sunny location, in the spring where winters are harsh and in the fall in milder climates. Gently cover the seed using a leaf rake with not more than 1/8 inch of fine soil. Water the area thoroughly to give good seed to soil contact. Keep moist at all times for up to 4 weeks until the slower growing perennials have sprouted. Water as needed and fertilize annually. Let some of the annuals mature to produce seed for the next season.

Biennial Flowers
Forget-me-not, Myosotis
Growing Tips: Germinates in 14-20 days at a soil temperature of 68-72 degrees F. Seed requires darkness to germinate, cover seed with 1/8 inch fine soil, water well for good seed-soil contact then cover container with black plastic until seedlings emerge.

Sweet Rocket, Hesperis
Growing Tips: May be started indoors early 10 to 12 weeks ahead for bloom the first season; do not cover seed as it needs light to germinate; germination occurs in 20 to 25 days when the soil temperature is above 68 degrees F. When planted directly outdoors select a site that has full sun with any ordinary well drained soil and plant as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then broadcast seed over newly prepared soil. Do not cover seeds as they need light to germinate. Water well to insure a good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Sweet Rocket will tolerate poor soil. Keep the soil moderately moist and enrich with plant food once a year. Shear fading blossoms to prolong the blooming season. Start new plants each spring for continuous bloom year after year.

Sweet William
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 10 days at a soil temperature of  70-80 degrees F. Likes a well drained soil mix and lots of light.

Dried Flowers
Flowers for Drying
Growing Tips: Mixture of varieties germinates in approximately 14 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F, do not cover seed as some varieties require light, sprinkle seed on soil surface then water well for good seed-soil contact.

Strawflower
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 14 days at a soil temperature of  65-70 degrees. Seed needs light for germination, do not cover, water well for a good seed-soil contact..
 

Annual Flowers
Annual Cut Flowers
Growing Tips:  Germination is varied by variety, usually 7 to 20 days, at a soil temperature of 65 degrees F. Cover seed lightly with 1/8 inch soil then water well for good seed-soil contact.

Alyssum
Growing Tips: Alyssum germinates in 7-8 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Seed needs light for germination, do not cover, water well for good seed-soil contact. Very susceptible to the fungus that causes damping off. Plant seed in a sterilized starting soil and do not cover container with plastic.

Aster
Growing Tips: Germinates in 8-10 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. After germination, grow at a cool temperature (60 degrees F). Cover seed with 1/8 inch of soil.

Bachelor Button
Growing Tips: Bachelor Buttons, also called Cornflowers, germinate in 7-14 days at a soil temperature of 65 degrees F. Seed needs darkness for germination; cover seed with soil 1/8 inch deep. Cover with black plastic until seedlings emerge.

Calendula
Growing Tips: Very easy to grow, germinates in 7-10 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Darkness is required for germination; cover seed with 1/4 inch of well compacted soil.  When starting ahead in a container cover with black plastic to reduce moisture loss.  One of the best annual flowers for Alaska, likes cool weather and will provide specticular bloom in virtually any area of the state.

California Poppy
Growing Tips: California Poppy grows best when planted directly in the garden, they do not transplant easily, as soon as the ground can be worked in the spring, covering seed with 1/8 inch fine soil. Indoors germination takes 10-12 days with the soil temperature at a cool 55-60 degrees F. For earlier bloom plant several seeds directly in individual plastic pots, thin out excess plants when they are 1 to 1 1/2 inches tall, then carefully transplant, root ball intact, to the garden  so there will be minimal root disturbance.

Canary Bird Vine
Growing Tips: Soak seed 24 hours in warm water before planting. Start in individual plastic pots, planting 2 seeds 1/4 inch deep per pot. Germinates in 10-14 days at 70 degrees F. Requires care in transplanting to avoid root damage.

Candytuft
Growing Tips: Germinates in 8-10 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Cover lightly with 1/8 inch of soil.

Clary Sage
Growing Tips: May be started ahead indoors, cover seed with 1/16 to 1/8" fine soil, germinates in 10 to 14 days when the soil temperature is 70 degrees F. When planting directly outdoors select a site that has full sun to partial shade with any good well drained soil and plant after the danger of frost is past. Cultivate, enrich the soil with organic matter and plant food then lightly cover seed with 1/16 to 1/8 inch of fine soil, firming soil over seed. Water well to insure good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist at all times until the seedlings emerge. Start indoors 4 to 6 weeks ahead for early color. Keep soil evenly moist and pinch tops back to induce bushiness. Always start with fresh seed as salvia seeds are short lived. Are moderate to heavy feeders so apply plant food once or twice during the summer.

Cleome
Growing Tips: Start seed 4 to 6 weeks ahead indoors, cover seed with 1/8 to 1/4 inch fine soil, germinates in 14 days when the soil temperature is 75 degrees F. Special instructions: Pre chill seed in refrigerator, 38 degrees F or less for 5 to 7 days before planting to increase the germination rate. When planting outdoors select a site with full sun, cleome likes it warm, with a rich, well drained soil and transplant after the soil is warmed and all danger of frost is past. Keep the soil moist through out the summer.

Cosmos
Growing Tips: Cosmos germinates in 7-10 days at a soil temperature of 72 degrees F. Cover seed with 1/8 inch fine soil and water well for a good seed-soil contact.

Dahlia
Growing Tips: Germinates in 7-10 days at a soil temperature of 75 degrees F. Cover seed with 1/8 inch of soil.

Dianthus
Growing Tips: Germinates in 7-9 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Cover seed lightly with 1/8 fine soil. "Grow cool" at 50 degrees. Sensitive to over fertilization. Do not over water.

Flowering Kale
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 10 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Cover seed with 1/8 inch of soil.

Forget-me-not, Cynoglossum
Growing Tips: Germinates in 7-14 days at 65-70 degrees F.  Seed requires darkness to germinate, cover seed with 1/8 inch of soil. When started in a container, cover container with black plastic to reduce evaporation.  May be started directly in the garden with good success.

Godetia
Growing Tips: Germinates in 10-12 days at a soil temperature of 70-72 degrees F. Cover seed with 1/8 inch of soil. Grow cool.

Gypsophila, Annual Baby's Breath
Growing Tips: Germinates in 2-3 weeks at a soil temperature of 60 degrees. Cover seed with 1/8 inch of soil. Flowers in about 3 months from seeding.

Indian Blanket
Growing Tips: Start seed 4 to 6 weeks ahead indoors for early bloom, cover seed with 1/8 fine soil, germinates in 15 to 20 days when the soil temperature is 70 degrees F. When planted directly outdoors choose a site with full sun and a well drained soil. Plant seed as soon as the soil can be prepared in the spring, covering with 1/8 inch fine soil then water well to give good seed-soil contact. Keep soil moist until seedlings emerge, after the plants become established they require little care. Water only when necessary.

Larkspur
Growing Tips: Germinates in 14-21 days at a soil temperature of 60 degrees F. Pre chill seed in refrigerator for one week before sowing to aid germination. Cover seed with 1/8 inch of soil. Grow cool (50 degrees F).

Lavatera
Growing Tips: When starting indoors for earlier bloom, plant in individual plastic pots then carefully transplant to the garden making sure you do not disturb the roots as they do not transplant well. When planting directly outdoors select a site with full sun to partial shade with rich, moist soil. Cultivate, enrich the soil with plant food then scatter seed in a band rather than in straight rows as soon as the danger of frost is past. Lightly cover seed with no more than 1/4" fine soil and keep moist until seedlings emerge. Water plants every 7 to 10 days when rainfall is not adequate. Do not over fertilize. May re-seed where the season is long enough.

Linaria
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 14 days at a soil temperature of 55-60 degrees F. Cover the very small seed with no more than 1/8 inch of soil, water well for good seed-soil contact.  Very easy to grow, likes Alaska's cool summers.

Livingstone Daisy
Growing Tips: Germinates in 7-10 days at a soil temperature of 65 degrees F. Seeds are very fine but they germinate best in darkness. Sprinkle seed on soil surface, water well for good seed-soil contact then cover container with black plastic until seedlings emerge. Water thoroughly for good seed-soil contact.

Lobelia
Growing Tips: Lobelia germinates in 14-21 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Plant seeds on a sterilized starting soil, Do not cover seed, it requires light for germination. Keep seed evenly warm and moist. Water with warm water to increase germination. Seedlings are prone to damping off. Air movement is important in the growing area, do not cover the container. Transplant when 1 1/2 to 2 inches tall in small groups of 3-5 seedlings. Start seed 10 to 12 weeks before the last frost. After seedlings are up "Grow cool" at 50 degrees F.

Lupine
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 28 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Soak seed in warm water 24 hours before planting. When grown as transplants, grow in individual plastic pots and carefully plant in garden, as they don't like their taproot disturbed. Cover seed with 1/4 inch of soil.

Marigold
Growing Tips: Marigolds germinate in 5-8 days when the soil temperature is 75-80 degrees F. Plant and cover seed with 1/8 inch of fine soil. Set flat on a warm object to provide bottom heat to maintain warm soil.

Nasturtium
Growing Tips: Nasturtiums germinate best when the seed is soaked for 24 hours in warm water, NO LONGER, then planted immediately. Nasturtiums do not transplant well.  Requires care when transplanting to avoid damage to tender roots.  When starting indoors, plant seed in individual plastic pots,  2 seeds per pot covered with 1/4 inch fine soil.  Seed germinates in 10-14 days at 70 degrees F.   Do not plant outdoors until all danger of frost is past.  Do not allow seed to freeze.

Nemesia
Growing Tips: Germinates in 14-21 days at a soil temperature of 68 degrees. Do not cover seed. Grow as cool as possible, about 50 degrees F is ideal.

Nemophlia
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 10 days at a soil temperature of 55 degrees F. Cover lightly with 1/16 inch of soil. Flowers in only two months from planting.

Nicotiana
Growing Tips: For best results start indoors 6 to 8 weeks before the last frost, scatter seed on the soil surface, do not cover as light is needed for germination, germinates in 7 to 12 days when the soil temperature is a constant 70 degrees F. After the seedlings are up, grow cool at 60 degrees F. Cultivate soil, enrich with organic matter and plant food and transplant to the garden after the last frost in a  location with light shade, will tolerate full sun. Keep the soil moist and fertilize every 6 weeks. For cut flowers, cut when in full bloom displaying in vase that has lots of water.

Pansy
Growing Tips: Germinates in 8-15 days at a soil temperature of 65-70 degrees F. Plant seeds in sterilized starting soil. Cover small seeds with no more than 1/16 inch soil, then water well for good seed-soil contact. Needs darkness for germination. Cover container with black plastic until seedlings emerge then immediately remove plastic cover. Prefers to be grown at cool temperatures with good air circulation.

Petunia
Growing Tips: Germinates in 7-12 days at a soil temperature of 72 degrees F. Use a sterilized starting soil. Needs light to germinate. Do not cover seed. Keep soil uniformly moist and provide good air circulation to prevent damping off.  Seeds are very fine, so keep moist at all times. Seed 10-12 weeks before the last frost.

Phlox
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 10 days at a soil temperature of  60 degrees F. Requires darkness for germination. Cover seeds with 1/8 inch fine soil, then cover container with black plastic until seedlings emerge.

Portulaca
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 10 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Cover seed with 1/8 inch of soil. Maintain an even soil temperature for good germination.

Salpiglossis
Growing Tips: For best results start indoors 8 weeks ahead, sprinkle fine seed on the soil surface then water well for good seed-soil contact, needs darkness to germinate so cover container with black plastic until seedlings sprout; germinates in 15 to 20 days when the soil temperature is 70 to 75 degrees F. Cultivate and enrich a light, well drained soil with organic matter and plant food and transplant to the garden after the danger of frost is past in a cool location with full sun. Keep moist but be careful not to over water, it does not like wet feet. The heavy stems of flowers may need support.

Scarlet Flax
Growing Tips: Best when planted directly in the garden, as they do not transplant easily, as soon as the ground can be worked, covering seed with 1/8 inch fine soil. Germination indoors takes 20-25 days at 70 degrees F. Plant two or three seeds directly in individual plastic pots so there will be less root disturbance when transplanted to the garden.

Scarlet Runner Bean
Growing Tips: Start in individual plastic pots, planting 2 seeds, 1/4 inch deep per pot. Germinates in 5-10 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F.

Schizanthus
Growing Tips: Germinates in 7-14 days at a soil temperature of 60 to 70 degrees F. Seed should not be covered. However, light inhibits germination. Cover the container with black plastic until seedlings emerge.

Shirley Poppy
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 14 days at a soil temperature of 55-60 degrees F. Cover seed with 1/8 inch of soil.

Snapdragon
Growing Tips: Snapdragon seed needs to be pre chilled in the refrigerator for 7-10 days before planting to improve germination. Do not cover seed with soil, needs light to germinate, sprinkle fine seed on the soil surface, water well for good seed-soil contact and cover container with clear plastic until seedlings emerge. Remove plastic immediately when seedlings are visible and provide good air flow to reduce fungus attack from damp-off. Seed germinates in approx. 10-14 days when the soil temperature is 65-70 degrees F. Move to a cool, well lit room, 45-50 degrees F, to keep plants compact. Must be started indoors 4 to 6 weeks ahead.

Stock
Growing Tips: Germinates in approximately 14 days at a soil temperature of 70 degrees F. Use a sterilized starting soil. Plant seed indoors 6 to 8 weeks before last frost. Cover seed with 1/8 inch of fine soil.

Sunflower
Growing Tips: To get early sunflowers plant two seeds per plastic pot, covering with 1/4 inch of soil, three to four weeks before the last frost to produce large, early blooms and seed in Alaska. May be planted directly in the garden in a warm, sunny location.

Sweet Pea
Growing Tips: Sweet Peas germinate in approximately 14 days at a soil temperature of 55 degrees F. Soak seed in warm water 24 hours before sowing. Plant 2 seeds in a 2 inch pot, covering with 1/4 inch soil. Transplant outside as soon as the ground is prepared in the spring, needs some protection on cold nights.  Prefers rich, heavy soil and even moisture.  Put a mulch over the roots to maintain even moisture.  Likes cool weather and grows well in Alaska.

Viola
Growing Tips: Germinates in 2-3 weeks at a soil temperature of 65 degrees F. Needs darkness to germinate. Lightly cover seed with no more than 1/16 inch of soil, then cover flat with black plastic until the seedlings break ground.